Blood Eosinophilia: A New Paradigm in Disease Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Acquired blood eosinophilia is considered either a primary or a secondary phenomenon. Causes of secondary (ie, reactive) eosinophilia include tissue-invasive parasitosis, allergic or inflammatory conditions, and malignancies in which eosinophils are not considered part of the neoplastic process. Primary eosinophilia is classified operationally into 2 categories: clonal and idiopathic. Clonal eosinophilia stipulates the presence of either cytogenetic evidence or bone marrow histological evidence of an otherwise classified hematologic malignancy such as acute leukemia or a chronic myeloid disorder. Idiopathic eosinophilia is a diagnosis of exclusion (ie, not secondary or clonal). Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a subcategory of idiopathic eosinophilia; diagnosis requires documentation of both sustained eosinophilia (absolute eosinophil count ≥1500 cells/µL for at least 6 months) and target organ damage (eg, involvement of the heart, lung, skin, or nerve tissue). Genetic mutations involving the platelet-derived growth factor receptor genes (PDGFR-α and PDGFR-ß) have been pathogenetically linked to clonal eosinophilia, and their presence predicts treatment response to imatinib. Accordingly, cytogenetic and/or molecular investigations for the presence of an imatinibsensitive molecular target should accompany current evaluation for primary eosinophilia. In the absence of such a drug target, specific treatment is dictated by the underlying hematologic malignancy in cases of clonal eosinophilia; however, the initial treatment of choice for symptomatic patients with hypereosinophilic syndrome is prednisone and/or interferon alfa.