C1q: Its Functions within the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and its Role in Lupus Autoimmunity

The complement cascade is a multi-faced effector component of the innate immune response. C1q is the recognition component of the classical pathway of complement activation. In addition, C1q has been recognized to serve a number of other biological functions including a modulating role on cellular functions within the adaptive immune response. The importance of C1q to normal immune regulation is reflected by the fact that greater than 90% of individuals who have complete congenital deficiency of C1q have been observed to develop early-onset photosensitive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in three C1q genes, it is possible that more subtle variations in C1q expression could be a risk factor for cutaneous LE and SLE. Thus, a more comprehensive delineation of complotype could be of increasing clinical importance in the future.