Variation in regional diet and mandibular morphology in prehistoric Japanese hunter-gatherer-fishers

Previous research has identified a relationship between mandibular morphology and diet (e.g., coarse or tough diets result in more robust mandibles). Prehistoric Japan is an excellent place to explore the significance of this relationship in shaping mandibular morphology due to the pronounced regional dietary variation. South/West Honshu Jōmon engaged in broad spectrum foraging, Northeastern Honshu Jōmon were fisher-gatherers, Hokkaido Jōmon were maritime (sea mammal) foragers. We test the hypothesis that diet variation across temporal and spatial zones will be reflected in mandibular morphological traits. Metric measurements were utilized to test for regional differences with both archaeological time period and biological sex as covariants. ANOVA results for region with time period as a covariate indicates all variables except corpus height and breadth are significantly different among regions but for the time period covariate, only corpus breadth and dimensions of ascending ramus are significant. ANOVA for region with biological sex as a covariate indicates all variables except corpus height are significantly different. Biological sex as a covariate demonstrates significant p-values for chin height, bicondylar breadth and minimum ascending ramus breadth. Generally, North Hokkaido and Southwest Hokkaido, exhibit the largest mandibular ascending rami and tallest anterior mandibles, whereas Northeast and South/West Honshu have smaller mandibles. Multivariate analysis indicates a separation between North and Southwest Hokkaido and South/West Honshu, whereas Northeast Honshu partially overlaps these dietary zones. Differences in mandibular morphology are better explained by regional diets than by temporal trends and biological sex.