Hetero- and homogeneous three-dimensional hierarchical tungsten oxide nanostructures by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition

• Continuous upscalable hot-wire CVD of 3D hierarchical nanocacti
• Controllable deposition of homo- and heterogeneous WO3 − x/WO3 − y nanocacti
• Introduction of three synthesis routes comprising oxidation, reduction and re-oxidation processes
• Growth of periodic arrays of hetero- and homogeneous hierarchical 3D nanocacti

We present the synthesis of three-dimensional tungsten oxide (WO3 − x) nanostructures, called nanocacti, using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition. The growth of the nanocacti is controlled through a succession of oxidation, reduction and re-oxidation processes. By using only a resistively heated W filament, a flow of ambient air and hydrogen at subatmospheric pressure, and a substrate heated to about 700 °C, branched nanostructures are deposited. We report three varieties of simple synthesis approaches to obtain hierarchical homo- and heterogeneous nanocacti. Furthermore, by using catalyst nanoparticles site-selection for the growth is demonstrated. The atomic, morphological and crystallographic compositions of the nanocacti are determined using a combination of electron microscopy techniques, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron diffraction.