Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and its constituents quercetin and ginkgolide B against β-amyloid peptide-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells

Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 has been shown to protect against β-amyloid peptide (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, effects of EGb761 and two of its constituents, quercetin and ginkgolide B, on the cytotoxic action of Aβ (1–42) were tested with human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. We found that EGb761 was able to block Aβ (1–42)-induced cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt signaling pathways. Both quercetin and ginkgolide B may be involved in the inhibitory effects of EGb761 on JNK, ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. Ginkgolide B also helped to improve mitochondrial functions but quercetin failed to show this effect. Additional experiments suggest that, protective effects of EGb761 against Aβ toxicity may be associated with its antioxidant and platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist activities. Quercetin but not ginkgolide B is one of the constituents responsible for the antioxidant action of EGb761. Both quercetin and ginkgolide B may be involved in the PAF antagonist activity of EGb761. Overall, actions of individual EGb761 components provide further insights into direct mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of EGb761.