Highest Observed Intake: Definition, regulatory uses and provisional values

► Highest Observed Intake (HOI) is an alternate risk assessment method for use when no Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) can be identified. ► HOI method was defined in a report from FAO/WHO. ► HO method is included in the Codex Alimentarius Procedural Manual, 19th Edition. ► Provisional HOI values are identified from the report of the UK Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals, and from the peer-reviewed literature