Plasma of patients with chronic urticaria shows signs of thrombin generation, and its intradermal injection causes wheal-and-flare reactions much more frequently than autologous serum

BackgroundSeveral aspects of the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria (CU) remain contradictory. Autologous serum skin tests (ASSTs) and in vitro histamine release assays seem to look into distinct aspects of the disease, and the specificity of ASST has been questioned.ObjectiveWe compared the autologous plasma skin test (APST) with ASST to detect autoreactivity in patients with CU. The clotting process was investigated as well by measuring in vivo thrombin generation.MethodsA total of 96 adults with CU underwent ASST; 71 of them underwent APST with Na citrate–anticoagulated plasma. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 plasma levels were measured by a sandwich ELISA in Na citrate–anticoagulated plasmas from 28 patients and 27 controls.ResultsFifty-one of 96 (53%) patients scored positive on ASST, whereas 61 of 71 (86%) patients scored positive on APST (21/30 [70%] ASST-negative and 40/41 [98%] ASST-positive). Plasma prothrombin fragment 1+2 was higher in patients than controls (3.06 [SD 3.36] vs 0.80 [0.34]; P < .001) and in ASST-positive/APST-positive than in ASST-negative/APST-positive patients (3.89 [SD 3.68] vs 1.33 [1.64]; P = 0.058) and was directly related to urticaria severity (r = 0.37; P < .05).ConclusionMost patients with CU are positive on APST–Na citrate. CU is associated with the generation of thrombin, a serine protease able to activate mast cells and to cause relevant increase in permeability of endothelium. APST and ASST only partially depend on the presence of circulating antibodies to FcɛRI or to IgE.Clinical implicationsThese findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CU and suggest new therapeutic opportunities for treating this disease.