Diagnosis and management of extensive vascular malformations of the lower limb : Part II. Systemic repercussions, diagnosis, and treatment

At least nine types of vascular malformations with specific clinical and radiologic characteristics must be distinguished in the lower limbs: Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome, port-wine stain with or without hypertrophy, cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, macrocephaly–capillary malformation, Parkes Weber syndrome, Stewart–Bluefarb syndrome, venous malformation, glomuvenous malformation, and lymphatic malformation. Extensive vascular malformations are often more complex than they appear and require a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. Vascular malformations may be associated with underlying disease or systemic anomalies. Part II of this two-part series on the diagnosis and management of extensive vascular malformations of the lower limb highlights the systemic repercussions (bone, articular, visceral, and hematologic involvement), diagnosis, and treatment of these lesions.