Low-frequency sea-level change in Chesapeake Bay: Changing seasonality and long-term trends

Long-term sea-level variability in Chesapeake Bay is examined from long tide gauge records in order to assess the influence of climate factors on sea-level changes in this complex estuarine system. A time series decomposition method based on autoregression is applied to extract flexible seasonal and low-frequency components from the tide gauge records, allowing to analyse long-term sea-level variability not only by estimating linear trends from the records, but also by examining fluctuations in seasonal and long-term patterns. Long-term sea-level variability in Chesapeake Bay shows considerable decadal variability. At the annual scale, variability is mainly determined by atmospheric factors, specifically atmospheric pressure and zonal wind, but no systematic trends are found in the amplitude of the annual cycle. On longer time scales, precipitation rate, a proxy for river discharge, is the main factor influencing decadal sea-level variability. Linear trends in relative sea-level heights range from 2.66 ± 0.075 mm/year (at Baltimore) to 4.40 ± 0.086 mm/year (at Hampton Roads) for the 1955–2007 period. Due to the gentle slope of most of the bay margin, a sea-level increase of this magnitude poses a significant threat in terms of wetland loss and consequent environmental impacts.