Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea and surrounding fluvial drainage basins: Source and transport

Clay mineralogy of surface samples throughout the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) and surrounding fluvial drainage basins has been investigated to reveal source and transport of detrital fine-grained sediments. Three characteristic end-members in clay mineral compositions were observed from three major provenances, respectively: major kaolinite and moderate illite and chlorite from the Pearl River, predominant illite and chlorite from Taiwan, and principal smectite from the Luzon arc system. The transport of four clay mineral species in the northeastern SCS is influenced by various mechanisms. Smectite derived from the Luzon arc system is transported mainly by surface current with significant influence of the Kuroshio intrusion, illite and chlorite from Taiwan are mainly carried by deep water current, while kaolinite from the Pearl River is affected obviously by the westward Guangdong Coastal Current and longshore current. A westerly tongue-shaped distribution of high contents of illite and chlorite mainly from Taiwan on the eastern shelf may result from the westward Guangdong Coastal Current during the winter. The results suggest that clay mineral assemblages in the northeastern SCS are mainly controlled by provenance supply and current transport and their downcore records do not bear contemporaneous paleoclimatic features. The implication of clay minerals for proxies of the late Quaternary East Asian monsoon evolution is realized through both the provenance supply and current transport processes.