Serapeum temple and the ancient annex daughter library in Alexandria, Egypt: Geotechnical-geophysical investigations and stability analysis under static and seismic conditions

The paper presents the comprehensive field and laboratory surveys and tests undertaken in the site, and the numerical analysis of the monument under static conditions and seismic conditions. The field testing program comprises various geotechnical and geophysical field and laboratory tests aiming to define the physical, mechanical and dynamic properties of the soils and soft rock materials of the site where the monuments is founded. Then an extensive parametric 2D and 3D numerical analyses were performed for the pillar and the Serapeum, subjected to seismic motions having different values of peak ground acceleration PGA and frequency content. Advanced soil and rock elasto-plastic modeling has been used throughout the different phases of the numerical analysis. The seismic analysis combined with the static one allowed us to define the pathology of the monuments and to estimate the ultimate load that they can survive under their present conditions.