Archival ReportProbabilistic Reinforcement Learning in Patients With Schizophrenia: Relationships to Anhedonia and Avolition

ABSTRACTBackgroundAnhedonia (a reduced experience of pleasure) and avolition (a reduction in goal-directed activity) are common features of patients with schizophrenia that have substantial effects on functional outcome but are poorly understood and treated. We examined whether alterations in reinforcement learning may contribute to these symptoms in patients with schizophrenia by impairing the translation of reward information into goal-directed action.MethodsThirty-eight stable outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 37 healthy control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scans during a probabilistic stimulus selection reinforcement learning task with dissociated choice- and feedback-related activation, followed by a behavioral transfer task allowing separate assessment of learning from positive versus negative outcomes. A Q-learning algorithm was used to examine functional activation relating to prediction error at the time of feedback and to expected value at the time of choice.ResultsBehavioral results suggested a reduction in learning from positive feedback in patients; however, this reduction was unrelated to anhedonia/avolition severity. On analysis of the functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, prediction error-related activation at the time of feedback was highly similar between patients and control subjects. During early learning, patients activated regions in the cognitive control network to a lesser extent than control subjects. Correlation analyses revealed reduced responses to positive feedback in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and caudate among those patients higher in anhedonia/avolition.ConclusionsThese results suggest that anhedonia/avolition are as strongly related to cortical learning or higher-level processes involved in goal-directed behavior, such as effort computation and planning, as to striatally mediated learning mechanisms.