The influence of effusion rate and rheology on lava flow dynamics and morphology: A case study from the 1971 and 1988-1990 eruptions at Villarrica and Lonquimay volcanoes, Southern Andes of Chile

We analyzed two historical lava flows from the Southern Andes of Chile: The lava flows from the 1971 Villarrica volcano eruption and the 1988-1990 Lonquimay volcano eruption. The 1971 lava flow has a volume of 2.3 × 107 m3, a maximum length of 16.5 km and was emplaced in two days, with maximum effusion rates of ~ 800 m3/s. The lava has a mean width of 150 m and thicknesses that decrease from 10 to 12 m at 5 km from the vent to 5-8 m at the flow front. The morphology is mainly 'a'ā. The 1988-1990 lava flow has a volume of 2.3 × 108 m3, a maximum length of 10.2 km and was emplaced in 330 days, with peak effusion rates of ~ 80 m3/s. The flow has a mean width of 600 m and thicknesses that increase from 10 to 15 m near the vent to > 50 m at the front. The morphology varies from 'a'ā in proximal sectors to blocky in the rest of the flow. We modelled the advance rate and thickness of these flows assuming two possible dynamical regimes: An internal rheology regime modelled as a Herschel-Bulkley (HB) fluid and a Yield Strength in the Crust (YSC) regime. We compared our results with the widely used Newtonian and Bingham rheologies. Our results indicate that the 1971 flow can be modelled either by the HB, Bingham or Newtonian rheologies using a single temperature, while the 1988-1990 flow was controlled by the YSC regime. Our analysis and comparison of models shows that care should be taken when modelling a lava flow, as different rheologies and assumptions can reach the same results in terms of advance rate and flow thickness. These examples suggest that the crustal strength should be taken into account in any model of lava flow advance.