Immune responses in adult female volunteers during the bed-rest model of spaceflight: Antibodies and cytokines

The exercise countermeasure accelerated primary antibody production and increased antibody levels to bacteriophage φX-174 and also opposed the potentially harmful effects of increased TNF-α levels caused by prolonged bed rest, possibly by activating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 receptor antagonist and the chemotactic factor RANTES.