An overlooked tumor promoting immunoregulation by non-hematopoietic stromal cells

Multidirectional complex communication between tumor-residing hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal cells (NHSCs) decisively regulates cancer development, progression and therapeutic responses. HSCs predominantly participate in the immune regulations, while, NHSCs, provide parenchymal support or serve as a conduit for other cells or support angiogenesis. However, recent reports suggest NHSCs can additionally participate in ongoing tumor promoting immune reactions within tumor-microenvironment (TME). In this review, based on the state-of-art knowledge and accumulated evidence by us, we discuss the role of quite a few NHSCs in tumor from immunological perspectives. Understanding such consequence of NHSCs will surely pave the way in crafting effective cancer management.