Effects of hypoxia on benthic organisms in Tokyo Bay, Japan: A review

► We summarized characteristics of hypoxia and its effects on benthic organisms in Tokyo Bay, Japan. ► Despite recent decreases in nutrient inputs, hypoxia has been increasing in duration and spatial extent. ► Hypoxia causes defaunation and larval settlement failure of benthic organisms. ► The adverse effects of hypoxia are an impediment to recovery of reduced abundance of benthic organisms.