Oxygenation of Ediacaran Ocean recorded by iron isotopes

The increase in atmospheric oxygen during the late Neoproterozoic Era (ca. 800-542 Ma) may have stimulated the oxygenation of the deep oceans and the evolution of macroscopic multicellular organisms. However, the mechanism and magnitude of Neoproterozoic oxygenation remain uncertain. We present Fe isotopes, Fe species and other geochemical data for two sections of the Doushantuo Formation (ca. 635-551 Ma) deposited after the Nantuo glacial episode in the Yangtze Gorge area, South China. It is highlighted that highly positive δ56Fe values reflect a lower oxidation rate of Fe(II)aq under ferruginous conditions, and in turn near zero δ56Fe values indicate oxidizing conditions. Our study suggests that during the deposition of the bottom of Member II of the Doushantuo Formation the shallow seawater was oxic, but the deep water was characterized by ferruginous conditions, which is consistent with a redox chemical stratification model. Subsequent anoxic conditions under shallow seawater, represented by positive δ56Fe and negative δ13Ccarb excursions, should be ascribed to the upwelling of Fe(II)aq and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)-rich anoxic deep seawater. The oxidation of Fe (II)aq and DOC-rich anoxic deep seawater upon mixing with oxic shallow water provides an innovative explanation for the well-known negative δ13Ccarb excursions (ENC2) and positive δ56Fe excursions in the middle of Doushantuo Formation. Meanwhile, the upwelling Fe (II)aq- and DOC-rich anoxic deep seawater could increase photosynthetic activity. The balance between oxygen consumption and production was most important criteria for the oxygenation of Early Ediacaran Ocean and diversity of eukaryotic organisms.