The rate of oxygen isotope exchange between nitrate and water

Equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors have been determined, although quantification of the nitrate-water equilibrium fractionation factor is not possible due to the presence of nitrate as both protonated (i.e. HNO3) and unprotonated forms (i.e. NO3-) under the experimental conditions, and the difficulty in accurately calculating nitrate speciation in low pH, high ionic strength solutions.