On the role of fluid infiltration into gravel dunes - Using a 3D numerical model

Results showed that when the wave crest was positioned before the bedform crests pore water flows appeared predominantly in the downstream direction. However, when the position of wave crest was located after the bedform crests, a vortex developed at the leeside of all bedforms, causing a change of the pore water flow towards the upstream direction. Regions of inflow, outflow and pore water flow through the pore spaces were evident in all experiments, but changed as the stoss side slope angles were decreased. It is concluded that variations in the stoss side steepness appear to control the locations, and the position of the wave crest the directions of pore water flow, which was illustrated in a conceptual model.