Canopy-structure effects on surface roughness parameters: Observations in a Great Lakes mixed-deciduous forest

We show that incorporating seasonal-scale temporal heterogeneity of d and z0 into surface-flux and ecosystem models will improve their accuracy. However, incorporating simple empirical modifications to surface-structure roughness parameters due to inter-annual variation in canopy height and leaf area did not lead to improved modeling of frictional velocity within this study. Further investigation of structure-roughness relationships is needed to incorporate these aspects. Finally, this study proposes a meteorological-based method for estimating vertical stem growth in undisturbed forest environments by tracking ha over time.