Les champignons des genres Acremonium, Beauveria, Chrysosporium, Fusarium, Onychocola, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Scedosporium et Scopulariopsis responsables de hyalohyphomycoses

Hyalohyphomycosis are worldwide opportunistic infections caused by non-Aspergillus hyaline moulds originating from soil. Currently 24 genera and about 50 species are involved in human mycosis. The most important hyalohyphomycetes belong to Acremonium, Beauveria, Chrysosporium, Fusarium, Onychocola, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Scedosporium and Scopulariopsis. These fungi all belong to Ascomycota phylum and are characterized by hyaline septate hyphae. Human infections due to these fungi are on the increase because of the increasing number of immunocompromised patients and because of the use of invasive surgery. Hyalohyphomycosis are observed in many clinical forms like superficial infections, onychomycosis, mycetomas, ocular infections such as keratitis and endophtalmitis, deep infections, disseminated infections and systemic infections. The prognosis is benign and the cure is common in superficial and cutaneous forms in the case of an antifungal susceptible strain, associated with surgical excision if possible. However, the prognosis is not good in the case of deep, disseminated and systemic infections, above all in immunocompromised patients. No treatment except surgery is recommended. Although amphotericin B, used alone or in combination, seems to be the best compound, some genera are resistant to it and the arrival of new azoles and echinocandins could provide therapeutic alternatives. In this work, we present a review of literature concerning fungi from the genera cited above and the diseases they cause.