Tsunami hazard in the Marmara Sea (Turkey): a numerical approach to discuss active faulting and impact on the Istanbul coastal areas

Finally, we test three landslide sources in the southern vicinity of Istanbul and show that the damage is expected to be larger than in the case of earthquake sources for moderate to large volumes involved. This kind of source, in addition to the coseismic deformation, could therefore be a good candidate to explain the historical waves in Istanbul, especially in 1509 where run-up values as high as 6 m have been reported, provided we are confident in the historical documents available.