Comparative geomorphic analysis of surficial deposits at three central Appalachian watersheds: Implications for controls on sediment-transport efficiency

Factors that control the routing and storage of sediments in the Appalachian region are poorly understood. This study involves a comparative geomorphic analysis of three watersheds underlain by sandstones and shales of the Acadian clastic wedge. These areas include the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, West Virginia; the North Fork basin, Pocahontas County, West Virginia; and the Little River basin, Augusta County, Virginia. GIS-based analyses of surficial map units allow first-order approximation of sediment-storage volumes in valley bottoms. Estimates of volumes are examined in tandem with morphometric analyses and the distribution of bedrock channels to make inferences regarding controls on sediment-transport efficiency in the central Appalachians.The Fernow and North Fork areas are characterized by V-shaped valleys with mixed reaches of alluvial-bedrock channels distributed throughout the drainage network. In contrast, the Little River valley is notably wider and gravelly alluvial fill is abundant. Comparator watershed parameters for the Fernow, North Fork and Little River areas include, respectively: (1) basin area = 15.2 km2, 49.3 km2, 41.5 km2; (2) basin relief = 0.586 km, 0.533 km, 0.828 km; (3) drainage density = 4.2 km− 1, 3.3 km− 1, 4.7 km− 1; (4) ruggedness = 2.5, 1.7, 3.9; (5) Shreve magnitude = 139, 287, 380; (6) total valley-bottom area (km2) = 0.76 km2, 1.86 km2, 3.09 km2; (7) average hillslope gradients = 17.2°, 18.4°, 22.1°; (8) total debris-fan surface area = 0.113 km2, 0.165 km2, 0.486 km2; and (9) debris-fan frequency = 2.0 km− 2, 1.0 km− 2, 2.8 km− 2.The storage volumes in valley bottoms were estimated using map polygon areas and surface heights above channel grade. The Little River contains significantly higher sediment volumes in floodplain, terrace and fan storage compartments; total volumes of the valley bottoms are approximately twice that of the Fernow and North Fork areas combined. Unit storage volumes for the Fernow, North Fork and Little River are 5.2 × 104 m3 km− 2, 5.5 × 104 m3 km− 2 and 1.6 × 105 m3 km− 2, respectively.A conceptual model postulates that valley-width morphometry and style of delivery from hillslopes are the primary factors controlling the efficiency of sediment transport. Steep, debris-flow-prone hillslopes at the Little River deliver high volumes of gravelly sediment at magnitudes greater than transport capacity of the channel. Patterns of stream power are complex, as low-order tributaries are under capacity and high-order tributaries over capacity with respect to sediment load. Aggraded alluvial fill insulates valley-floor bedrock from vertical erosion and valley widening dominates. Expansion of the valley width creates a positive response via increased storage capacity and lower unit stream power. Conversely, the Fernow and North Fork are characterized by diffusive mass movement on hillslopes with incremental bedload transport to higher-order tributaries. Rates of hillslope delivery are balanced by the rate of channel export. Mixed alluvial-bedrock reaches provide the optimal channel configuration for active incision of the valley floor. Low expansion of valley width promotes high unit stream power and processes of vertical erosion. The model implies that the Fernow and North Fork have been more effective at sediment transport during the Late Quaternary. Given similar climatic and tectonic settings, variation in bedrock lithofacies is likely the primary factor modulating the efficiency of sediment transport.