Fluctuations of the Última Esperanza ice lobe (52°S), Chilean Patagonia, during the last glacial maximum and termination 1

We present a new record from the Última Esperanza region (51°25’-52°25'S), southwestern Patagonia, to unravel the timing and structure of glacial fluctuations during the Last Glacial Termination (T1). This sector of southern South America represents the only windward-facing continental landmass in the Southern Hemisphere that intersects the core of the Southern Westerly Wind belt.Geomorphic, stratigraphic and geochronological evidence indicate the following stages during and since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): (i) deposition of prominent moraine complexes during at least two advances dated between ~ 39 and > 17.5 ka; (ii) development of an ice-dammed proglacial lake (glacial lake Puerto Consuelo) accompanying ice recession; (iii) active deposition of moraine complexes at intermediate positions followed by recession at ≥ 15.2 ka; (iv) lake level drop and subsequent stabilization between 15.2-12.8 ka; (v) a glacial readvance in glacial lake Puerto Consuelo between 14.8-12.8 ka; (vi) ice recession, stabilization, and lake level lowering between 12.8-10.3 ka; and (vii) glacial withdrawal and disappearance of glacial lake Puerto Consuelo prior to 10.3 ka. By comparing our results with the chronologies from neighboring regions we explore whether there was a consistent temporal/geographic pattern of glacial fluctuations during the LGM and T1, and examine their implications at regional, hemispheric, and global scales. The correspondence of these variations with key paleoclimate events recorded in the Southern and the Northern Hemispheres suggest a common forcing that, most likely, propagated through the atmosphere. Regional heterogeneities at millennial timescales probably reflect the influence of processes related to deep ocean circulation, and changes in the position/intensity of the Antarctic Polar Front and Southern Westerly Winds.