A brief survey of GIS in mass-movement studies, with reflections on theory and methods

This paper surveys the evolution and progress of landslide studies with particular reference to the use of geographic information systems (GIS) in setting the agenda for research. The article begins with a critical discussion of the mass-movement classification problem and notes that it has been thornier and more complex than it has for many other types of extreme natural phenomena. The evolution of slope instability studies is charted from its descriptive, field-based origins to recent higher levels of understanding. On the one hand there has been a shift from static to dynamic modelling of slope processes using digital simulation and computer graphics, while on the other hand, automated cartography, GIS and remote sensing have enabled regional studies at last to predominate over site-based ones. However, GIS often tends to favour inductive study design, and so does the continuing emphasis on classification. The low level of insight generated by inductive studies has inhibited the development of more interdisciplinary frameworks for study. It has also proved difficult to reorient landslide studies to tackle slope instability problems with greater sensitivity to the stakeholders' needs. Finally, although social, administrative, political, cultural and perceptual aspects of landslides have been neglected, there are signs of a new interest in these important aspects.