Holocene sedimentary record from Lake Tutira: A template for upland watershed erosion proximal to the Waipaoa Sedimentary System, northeastern New Zealand

Comparison with marine records on the adjacent continental margin suggests that more terrestrial events are captured in the lake record, due to: (i) close hillslope-lake connectivity, with little intervening storage of sediment compared with the Waipaoa sedimentary system; and, (ii) the preservation of event stratigraphy at Tutira compared to its reduced preservation in the dynamic marine environment. Only major storms such as Cyclone Bola leave an imprint traceable to the ocean, whereas identifiable sedimentary responses to individual earthquakes are localized, although through landscape preconditioning and sediment production they contribute to the overall high terrigenous input to the ocean. In contrast, low-frequency, high magnitude perturbations (volcanic eruptions, European deforestation) are preserved through the Source-to-Sink sedimentary system, consistent with earlier hypotheses.