DNA mismatch repair enzymes: Genetic defects and autoimmunity

DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is one of the several DNA repair pathways conserved from bacteria to humans. The primary function of MMR is to eliminate the mismatch of base-base insertions and deletions that appear as a consequence of DNA polymerase errors at DNA synthesis. The genes encoding the DNA MMR enzymes (MMREs) are highly conserved throughout evolution. In humans, there are two sets of MMREs, corresponding to homologues of the bacterial MutLS systems. The human MutS enzymes consist of MSH2, MSH3 and MSH6, and the human MutL enzymes include MLH1, MLH3, PMS1 and PMS2. Since the beginning of this century, a few reports on autoantibodies to some MMREs have been reported in autoimmune inflammatory myopathy, cancer and hematological disorders. This review charts the functional structures of MMREs, their genetic defects and associated disorders, and autoimmunity to MMREs, including our recent data that was the first to analyze autoantibodies against all seven kinds of MMREs in systemic autoimmune diseases, including idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.