Biomarkers of nitro-oxidation and oxidative stress

Macromolecule oxidation in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with a variety of diseases. The recognition of NO as a key regulator of redox signalling has more recently led to the discovery that reactive nitrogen species (RNS) also elicit modifications of macromolecules which are also involved in pathophysiological processes. This article provides an overview of key biomarkers used to assess oxidation, peroxidation and nitration/nitrosation signalling, stressing the necessity to analyse multiple biomarkers to understand the redox mechanisms involved in biological responses.