Toxicity, phototoxicity and biocidal activity of nanoparticles employed in photocatalysis

Photocatalytically active nanoparticles (PCNPs) are extensively investigated for numerous environmental and energy related applications. Independent from their photocatlytic properties, many PCNPs are established as additives for industrial materials (e.g. paintings or coatings) or even in foods, textiles and cosmetics, which leads to high production amounts. Furthermore, researchers are constantly developing new materials in order to optimize the photocatalytic efficiency and optical properties. The increasing material diversity and production amounts are accompanied by growing concerns regarding potential (eco-) toxicological hazards. This paper outlines current knowledge of nanoparticle-cell interaction and critically surveys corresponding in vitro and in vivo assays. It particularly reviews experimental work addressing photoinduced effects on cells and organisms. The work also gives a brief overview on the medical applications of PCNPs.