Thermally Stratified Compression Ignition: A new advanced low temperature combustion mode with load flexibility

Finally, the load limits with and without water injection were determined experimentally. Without water injection, the load range was 2.3-3.6 bar gross IMEP. By using water injection to control heat release, the load range in TSCI was 2.3-8.4 bar gross IMEP, which is a range expansion of over 350%. These results demonstrate that direct water injection can provide significant improvements to both controllability and the range of operability of LTC, thereby resolving the major challenges associated with HCCI.