Dual signaling evoked by oxidized LDLs in vascular cells

Oxidized LDLs (oxLDLs) exerts a dual signaling on vascular cells, depending on their heterogeneity, their local concentration and their uptake by scavenger receptors (SRs). Low oxLDLs concentrations stimulate the production of ROS and low carbonyl stress, and trigger cell signaling responses (activation of receptor tyrosine kinase and the sphingolipid pathway), involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, survival or angiogenesis. High concentrations of oxLDLs generate oxidative stress and high carbonyl stress that inhibit angiogenesis and tyrosine kinase receptors, trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) activation and cytosolic calcium deregulation, generate an imbalance of the sphingolipid pathway, and finally lead to apoptosis.267